what happened to the 12 stones at gilgal

Some scholars believe there was a third place named Gilgal near Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal (Deuteronomy 11:29-30). Again it is possible for this to be yet another "circle of standing stones" [12] (or the same one as mentioned in relation to Elijah and Elisha, as Bethel is on the circuit with Gilgal, and other assumed locations show Gilgal to be far further away than the other two locations), and it is significant that it is treated as a holy place by the biblical text, rather than as a heathen one. 6. circle of stones Gilgal is mentioned 39 times, in particular in the Book of Joshua, as the place where the Israelites camped after crossing the Jordan River (Joshua 4:19 - 5:12). ; Kelso and Baramki, in: AASOR, 2930 (1955). Is it referring to the day the book was written or what? [14][15], Edward Robinson first drew the connection to Gilgal to Jiljilyya in 1838,[16][17] as did van de Velde[18] and Victor Gurin in 1870. Copyright 2002-2023 Got Questions Ministries. The ascending and descending angels, messengers of God, depict God, not man, initiating communication. In His denunciations of their religion, God tells them that their worship would do them no good because its foundations were in a source other than Himself. Browse other questions tagged, Like any library, Mi Yodeya offers tons of great information, but, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. Vote Up After miraculously crossing the Jordan River into the Promised Land, the Israelites set up twelve stones taken from the river . The site is open in the summer from 8:00am-6:00pm, and in winter from 8:00am-4:00pm (exact months not available). When Jacob returned to Bethel after serving Laban for some twenty years, God appeared to him again, changing his name to Israel (Genesis 35:1-15). Would you ever say "eat pig" instead of "eat pork"? (The Book of Amos) (Part One), Prepare to Meet Your God! What happened to the stones? How many times did Moses ascend Mount Sinai? Khirbat al-Mafjar or Khirbet al-Athala have been suggested for its identification. "This day have I rolled away (galloti from root galol) the reproach of Egypt from off you" is the biblical explanation given for the place-name (5:710). 12:23; LXX "Galilee") is also unidentified. What was the actual cockpit layout and crew of the Mi-24A? They are located at Har Karkom, a site in the wilderness about 120 miles south of Jericho. Apparently, the people were thronging to these pagan shrines and punctiliously offering sacrifices. What happened to the stones with the Torah inscribed in seventy languages? Why did Jesus walk on the water? However, the discovery of the quarried cave may mean the reference was to a quarry established where the Byzantines identified Gilgal. Generally, complacency or apathy was the problem, but specifically, it was much narrower. The lesson we can learn from the events in Bethel are particularly illustrative of God's transforming influence. Justice is the fruit of righteousness. These stones are to be a memorial to the people of Israel forever. (Joshua 4:6-7). Were they the best fighters? the University of Haifa are working on the hypothesis that this is the I trust they are still there. Who translated the Torah into each of the 70 languages? This daily newsletter provides a starting point for personal study, and gives valuable insight into the verses that make up the Word of God. John W. Ritenbaugh Which one to choose? A transformation began then that did not end as long as he lived. Joshua 5:1-12 records that it was in Gilgal that all the Israelite males who had been born during the forty years in the wilderness were circumcised, thus entering into the Old Covenantin effect, becoming God's nation in the land. What does it mean, "Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ also loved the church, and gave his life for it"? In Gilgal, they set up the twelve stones taken from the Jordan as a memorial of their crossing (verse 20-24). Unlike Jacob, they had not repented. Gilgal (Hebrew: Gilgl), also known as Galgala or Galgalatokai of the 12 Stones (Greek: or , Ddekalithn), is the name of one or more places in the Hebrew Bible.Gilgal is mentioned 39 times, in particular in the Book of Joshua, as the place where the Israelites camped after crossing the Jordan River (Joshua 4:19 . Gilgal (a wheel; rolling).The site of the first camp of the Israelites on the west of the Jordan, the place at which they passed the first night after crossing the river, and where the twelve stones were set up which had been taken from the bed of the stream, ( Joshua 4:19 Joshua 4:20) comp. [10], On King David's return to Jerusalem after the death of his son Absalom (2 Samuel 19), David traveled to Gilgal. There is a clever play on a word here, as Gilgal means "the rolling." Kotter, Wade R. (1990). Rashi on the top 32b says they made a monument out of the stones in Gilgal. The context of the chapter shows a wealth of religious activity (verses 21-26). Jeroboam I set up a golden calf at Bethel (I Kings 12:25-31), since the city had religious associations from the days of Jacob (Genesis 28:10-22; 35:1-7). (The Book of Amos) (Part Two). Before Israel could represent God, even within the Promised Land when they went to war, they had to undergo circumcision. The text indicates that the memorial was composed of 12 stones. [duplicate]. The large cave was discovered by Prof. Adam Zertal and a team from the Eusebius locates it east of Jericho (Onom. The ruins are enclosed in an archaeological site and require admission. These sites are hypothesized to be ritual sites where the early Israelites celebrated holidays together, until worship was centralized. Gilgal is located in Jordan Valley,eastern Jericho in the history of Israel, Gilgal is known as the lodgging place where the israelite campJoshua -chapter 4,. Writing on the stones of the Western Wall, During which plague did the Baal Shem Tov advise writing a Sefer Torah. NKJV - Gilgal This also happened while they were camped at Gilgal (Joshua 5:11-12). This Gilgal (2 Kings ii. "Gilgal (Place)". also had niches for the placement of oil lamps and holes that In addition, they were about to take the Passover, and Exodus 12 teaches that a male Israelite must be circumcised before he takes the Passover. Justice is external, righteousness is internal. University of Haifa which has been conducting a survey of the region 21 He said to the sons of Israel, "When your children ask their fathers in time to come, saying, 'What are these stones?' 22 then you Deuteronomy 27:8 as explained by Rashi says that the Torah was written in seventy languages on stones. Share Possible area where Gilgal might be located Google Earth. This idea is later reflected in New Testament teaching about our spiritual transformation into the image of God (II Corinthians 3:18; Ephesians 4:12-15, 20-24; I John 3:2). Most can find many explanations as to why its impossible because they know better right? structure with 12 white spots on it (two rows of six). True. When Tana"ch uses the phrase "until today" what does it mean? What is the significance of Mount Ephraim in the Bible? Albums (6) Appearances (2) Awards (1) In Performance (5) Press (9) Uncategorized (4) The list of significant locations goes on and on, as the land of Israel overflows with history! (1) The best-known Gilgal is the place "on the east border of Jericho" where the Israelites encamped after . Berean Standard Bible They were to be carried from the place in the dry riverbed where the feet of the priests stood as the Israelites crossed. Therefore, the name of that place was called, The Valley of Achor, to this day. It also says that the twelve stones are there to THIS DAY! In the period of the Second Temple it was called Beth-Gilgal and was inhabited by levites who were sons of the Temple singers (Neh. The New Moody Atlas of the Bible by Barry Beitzel. God stopped him and threatened to kill Moses, and Zipporah quickly took out a knife and circumcised their two boys. When one studies Torah with the Rabbinical Rabbis who are masters of Hebrew language, particularly of the Hebrew Torah was written, the secrets are revealed so the Torah is not like a PowerPoint presentation but a living machine that is so robust so deep so vast so clear that one will have no doubt that all 304805 letters of Torah are from Gd. 18:17) is unidentified. (2) Another Gilgal is perhaps referred to in the verse: "in the Arabah, over against Gilgal, beside the terebinths of Moreh" (Deut. approached us and warned us not to go in, because it was cursed and Which was the first Sci-Fi story to predict obnoxious "robo calls"? Chapters 9, 10, and 14 show that Joshua launched his military attacks from Gilgal against the people of the land to secure it for Israelite inhabitation. ; M. Noth, Das Buch Josua (19532), 3233; Abel, Geog, 2 (1938), 3368; Kelso, in: BASOR, 121 (1951), 6ff. They are there somewhere. underground considering the effort needed just to pull the stones out Can my creature spell be countered if I cast a split second spell after it? Community answers are sorted based on votes. More insights from your Bible study - Get Started with Logos Bible Software for Free! Joshua 5:9 Yahweh said to Joshua, "Today I have rolled away the reproach of Egypt from off you." Therefore the name of that place was called Gilgal, to this day. They stand forever, because they represent Abrahams children. It is the site bordering the autonomy. The Valley of Achor that is mentioned was also on the border between the tribe of Yehuda and Binyamin. [5], "The king of Goyim, of Gilgal" is listed as one of the 31 kings defeated by Joshua. These would have been big stones. 5:5 NAS). 10:8; 7:16; 11:1415). The footprint-shaped outline recalls ancient Egyptian symbolism in which a footprint symbolized ownership. "The 12 stones are to correspond to the names of Israel's sons. More insights from your Bible study - Get Started with Logos Bible Software for Free! This Hebrew name stands for "circle of standing stones.". Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Gilgal structures have been found only in the Jordan River valley, and in the Samaritan mountains on the edge of the desert. density matrix. Then they camped at Gilgal, just east of Jericho. Since Amos indicates that their social lives may have revolved around the church, their purely social, not religious, motives may have been the problem. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. [9], In 1 Samuel 15, Gilgal is where Samuel hewed King Agag in pieces after Saul refused to obey God and utterly destroy the Amalekites. As a whole, Gilgal Sculpture Garden is significant as the only identified "visionary art environment" in Utah. God made sure they bore the sign of the covenant. What their sins were makes no difference because God's judgment of their show of religion is that their hearts were not in it. This article is about the Biblical place. There the old life and the old man became new. See what over 150,000 subscribers are already receiving each day. Amos proves through the Israelites' disobedience and corruption that they had no relationship with God. Do you have to repent from all sin to enter heaven? Joshua 5:10 The children of Israel encamped in Gilgal. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Described 12 people from each tribe picked up stones and carried them on their shoulders to be placed as a monument for future generations to see and enquire. Common Era. The Valley of Achor that is mentioned was also on the border between the tribe of Yehuda and Binyamin. rev2023.4.21.43403. Another opinion is that it is not different from the Book of Joshua, as it locates it near Bethel as does the Books of Chronicles. If you doubt, take a look at Gen 47:26, Num 22:30, Deut 3:14, or even Josh 6:25. (The Book of Amos) (Part One). A possible answer may be in the famous Madaba Map of ancient November 30 2020 In Gilgal, they set up the twelve stones taken from the Jordan as a memorial of their crossing (verse 20-24). 12:29). There is no admission charge. This is what Amos reveals to them. God instructed Joshua to have a man from each tribe pick up a stone from the middle of the Jordan in order to build a monument at Gilgal. Ritual sexual indulgence was common practice (Amos 2:7). Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. There, they erected 12 stones as a memorial to the miraculous stopping of the river when they crossed. We cannot witness well without preparation, and the festivals play an important role in this. Share After they crossed over, the Israelites camped at Gilgal where they placed the twelve stones as a memorial of the miracles of the day. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. GILGAL (Heb. valley, Wady el Jib, may account for the expression, 'went down to Bethel. In the example of Israel, we can see that hearing and knowing the way of God intellectually is not enough. From this knowledge, we can begin to understand the attitude that Amos confronted. Browse other questions tagged, Like any library, Mi Yodeya offers tons of great information, but, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. Each of the stones of remembrance represented one of the tribes of Israel. The first phrase can just as easily read, "Let justice [or, judgment] roll down." Using an Ohm Meter to test for bonding of a subpanel. God reconfirmed to Jacob His promises to Abraham and Isaac. They went in for religion in a big way! Camp Gilgal on the eastern edge of Jericho. If God wanted these stones to be seen by their children or future generations it would make sense that He would preserve them. On what basis are pardoning decisions made by presidents or governors when exercising their pardoning power? GILGAL (Heb. The Madaba map Adding EV Charger (100A) in secondary panel (100A) fed off main (200A), Generate points along line, specifying the origin of point generation in QGIS. The term gilgal is thought by modern archaeologists to refer to a type of structure, which may then receive additional names, for example "the gilgal by the terebinths of Moreh" (Deuteronomy 11:30) or "the gilgal on the eastern border of Jericho" (Joshua 4:19). Similarly, traveling through the Galilee, you will likely visit Capernaum. 64:24ff.). All rights reserved. When Joshua and the Israelites were entering the Promised Land, they had to cross the Jordan River. Those who go to get love usually become offended and leave the feast, telling anyone who will listen how "cold" others were to them. Well, for logistical reasons, it likely happened on Abib 11, as it would take time for upwards of two million people to cross over the Jordan River. However, the discovery of the When you grasp the Torah in such a way even the physical proofs will be less important. Why did Jesus call people fools and yet condemn others for doing the same thing? Or perhaps they were set up differently! They may have been breaking the Sabbath somehow, or they may have been indifferent to the messages they heard. It represented their sanctification, setting them apart from the people of the land. Despite their sincerity, they abandoned all godly standards and values and despised authority and law (Amos 3:10). Peniel was a stepping stone to what occurred at his return to Bethel and between them, we see Jacob's spiritual conversion. The preposition is rendered in by many versions here, but in this case it means from (cf. In Joshua 4:9 Joshua lays 12 stones same place where the priests stood and it THESE stones that are there till this day. churches near the cave. At Bethel, Jacob had his dream of a ladder reaching to heaven and angels walking up and down on it (Genesis 28:12). The twelve stones at the Gilgal we read about in Joshua were carried from the riverbed of the Jordan by one man from each of the twelve tribes of Israel to make a memorial to the work of God in parting the Jordan and allowing them to pass over on dry ground. What do these stones mean to you? What is the meaning of "peace be unto you" in the Bible? (Mark 6:48). Report New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition. They camped at Gilgal, several miles to the west of the Jordan. Which was the first Sci-Fi story to predict obnoxious "robo calls"? 3 Command them, 'Pick up twelve stones from right here in the middle of the Jordan, where the feet of the priests had been firmly planted. Gilgal is mentioned 39 times, in particular in the Book of Joshua, as the place where the Israelites camped after crossing the Jordan River (Joshua 4:19 5:12). The inscription reads Galgala, also the twelve stones. Below the QGIS automatic fill of the attribute table by expression. Our attitudes in attending the feasts today tell God just as much as the Israelites' did during Amos' ministry. (Psalm 92:4-5). Now the people came up from the Jordan on the tenth of the first month and camped at Gilgal on the eastern edge of Jericho. Scripture says nothing specifically about either Abib 12 or 13, but they undoubtedly used those days to settle in more thoroughly in Gilgal, do the harvesting of local crops, raid the local stores of produce in the area, and make any preparations required for keeping the Passover. This memorial of twelve stones was to continually remind them of the righteous acts of the LORD as Micah 6:5 commands them to do. sanctuaries were built out of stones from sacred places. He clearly said (Josh. After the conquest of Canaan, the site continued to be sacred; in times of national crisis sacrifices were offered there; Samuel judged Israel there; and Saul was crowned king at Gilgal (I Sam. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. (Judges 7:7). From the biblical events that occurred in these places, Bethel pictures reorientation and hope; Gilgal, possession of the promises; and Beersheba, fellowship with God. 4 When the entire nation had finished crossing over the Jordan, the Lord said to Joshua, 2 "Pick twelve men from the people, one man per tribe. Why does Acts not mention the deaths of Peter and Paul? They entered anyway, discovering a ceiling supported by 22 gigantic Joshua 4:8 stones were carried by the 12 elect to the place of lodging FROM the middle of the Jordan where the priestss feet stood firm. Twelve stones at Gilgal. The higher the vote, the further up an answer is. Yolanda Plear. In the Bible, Joshua, Chapter 4, saying how the Lord dried up the waters of Jordan from before them, until they were passed over as the Lord God did to the Red sea which he dried up from before them, until they were gone over. How to combine independent probability distributions? We can have these things in Christ if we abide under the terms of our covenant with Him. All this early history of Israel's occupation of Canaan made Gilgal a shrine to the Israelites' inheritance and possession of the land. The gemoroh (Babylonian Talmud) in Sotah bottom of 32a says they took (those Rashi) stones and built the altar and inscribed in it the torah in seventy languages; brought a few korbonos, then dismantled the altar and went to Gilgal, taking the stones with them. Generic Doubly-Linked-Lists C implementation. To the south there is a giant amphitheater, and in the center there is a hill . There is no evidence that God performed miraculous healings of those circumcised since He says that they remained in camp until their wounds healed. ), name indicating an ancient sacred site on which a circle of large stones was erected. Those circumcised remained in Gilgal in the camp until they healed. Your email address will not be published. When God arrives on the scene and descends to communicate with a man, He makes a difference in his life. It is worth noting that to this day refers to the time when the statement was written down. And these stones shall be for a memorial to the children of Israel forever. The stones were mentioned by John the Baptist. The people crossed the Jordan on the tenth day of the first month. See what over 150,000 subscribers are already receiving each day. The Wavesheaf and the Selfsame Day. Amos 5 and the Feast of Tabernacles. Prof. Adam Zertal and a team of archaeologists from Do we go to the Feast of Tabernacles to seek God and learn to fear Him, as He says in Deuteronomy 14:23? Although we cannot be sure that every chapel built in Israel was raised following Gods specific instructions to do so, we can turn our attention to the biblical events they commemorate. They returned to their homes unchanged, unrepentant, after what was supposed to be a rededication of their lives to God! Why do we pray when God already knows what we need? But God says, "I hate, I despise your feast days" (Amos 5:21)! Report, July 25 2017 The stones of Joshua in Gilgal, are they still there today? inscription is a small church with its entrance hidden by a long Mi Yodeya is a question and answer site for those who base their lives on Jewish law and tradition and anyone interested in learning more. 4:1920). And they raised over him a great heap of stones to this day. From this, we can understand that while Moses had been circumcised, he had neglected to circumcise his own sons. Their pride was almost boundless. This happened on the tenth day of the first month. Joshua piled them up in Gilgal, where the . [7], "Gilgal" is mentioned as a location on the border between the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, near Ma'ale Adumim.[8]. Jordan River 12. Certainly, Jacob's life quickly began to change, especially his attitude. It also makes sense that both could be near each other. According to Zertal, scholars had always assumed that 12 stones To Israel and Amos, then, Bethel represented reorientation and hope. Retired Quality Assurance Specialist with the U.S. Army. The Gilgal illustration deals with their assumption that, because they were not only in the Promised Land but in full possession of it, everything was thus well with them. The Hebrew term Gilgal most likely means "circle of stones". Archaeologists say they have found two ancient Why did this secret disciple risk discovery after Jesus was dead (Luke 23:50-53)? When we reached the entrance to the cave, two Bedouin The public is invited to visit the garden seven days a week. i) is mentioned as though above Bethel (verse 2), which does not agree exactly with the position of Jiljilia (2,441 feet above the sea), and of Beitin (2,890), but the descent into the great Here are guidelines to help facilitate a meaningful learning experience for everyone. He is the Savior of his body, the church"? Medeba Map mosaic with the location of Gilgal, which is also Twelve Stones, 6th century AD. Prepare to Meet Your God! Mi Yodeya is a question and answer site for those who base their lives on Jewish law and tradition and anyone interested in learning more. Over two million people on foot just do not move all that quickly. Things went on as before. (4) The Gilgal mentioned in the description of the frontier of Judah near "the ascent of Adummim" (Josh. Later its cult aroused the wrath of the prophets (Hos. Who was the commander of the army of the LORD in Joshua 5:14. Josh 5:1, from beyond the Jordan; Josh 3:16, from Adam). Why is it shorter than a normal address? For what it's worth, see this article which says (excerpts): Israeli papers are reporting the discovery of an underground quarry in "[20], In the 20th century, archaeologist W.F. It was after the stone of Bohan, the son of Reuven (1) and before the region of Dvir, identified in Bait Jaber A-Tachtani. Can you still use Commanders Strike if the only attack available to forego is an attack against an ally? Verse 10 shows that they kept the first Passover in the Promised Land in Gilgal, and in verse 12, where they first ate the fruit of the land. Yes indeed. Once they got into the land, they had to spread out so they could camp. This daily newsletter provides a starting point for personal study, and gives valuable insight into the verses that make up the Word of God. The phrase "rolled away" in verse 9 is especially intriguing because God officially rolled awaythat is, forgaveIsrael's shameful captivity in Egypt. referred to the biblical story of the 12 stones the Israelites set up Checks and balances in a 3 branch market economy, Generate points along line, specifying the origin of point generation in QGIS. First, the Israelites of Amos' day were guilty of following the sin of Jeroboam I, combining the worship of the true God with that of idols. My intent in including the photos was the similarity in number and size, which might illustrate approximately how the stones set up by the Israelites would have looked. ), name indicating an ancient sacred site on which a circle of large stones was erected.Gilgalim ("circles") were constructed in Canaan from very early times; the Bible mentions several places called Gilgal which were named after gilgalim in their vicinity. (1) Refer to Rashi on Yehoshua 15:6 for context on the name of the place - click on the footnote 9. [2], According to Joshua 4:19, Gilgal is a location "on the eastern border of Jericho" where the Israelites encamped immediately after crossing the Jordan River. What is intriguing is that, even in their spiritual indifference, the Israelites loved to go to church! What is the meaning of 1 Timothy 4:13 when it refers to the public reading of Scripture? Gilgal was a place of memorial. We can see our own lives in their examples. How can it be said that my loved one is now with our Father in heaven when the Bible tells no one sees heaven until the rapture? God instructed Joshua to have a man from each tribe pick up a stone from the middle of the Jordan in order to build a monument at Gilgal. Gilgalim ("circles") were constructed in Canaan from very early times; the Bible mentions several places called Gilgal which were named after gilgalim in their vicinity. The stones at Gilgal as well were reminders of the miracles at the Jordan, in order that subsequent generations would continue to appreciate the miracles God performed in bringing His nation into . Although great craft and talent were invested in them, Christians today often wish the momentous settings of biblical narratives were left untouched. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? So much of the Jewish land speaks of Gods faithfulness! The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Copyright 2002-2023 Got Questions Ministries. Gilgal {Nave's}. Its different than saying that it will remain there for all eternity. Embedded hyperlinks in a thesis or research paper, How to convert a sequence of integers into a monomial, Futuristic/dystopian short story about a man living in a hive society trying to meet his dying mother, Understanding the probability of measurement w.r.t. Zertal said scholars wondered why people would dig a quarry In other words, even though they observed a festival in the shrine that commemorated possession of the Promised Land, those prosperous, lukewarm people listening to him would lose the land and be taken into captivity. Israel's first experience at Gilgal occurs when the people cross into the Promised Land under Joshua: "Now the people came up from the Jordan on the tenth day of the first month, and they camped in Gilgal on the east border of Jericho" (Joshua 4:19). A good answer provides new insight and perspective. New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition. [citation needed]. When a gnoll vampire assumes its hyena form, do its HP change? It would be quite a difficult task to carry the stone for such a long distance. Consequently, the whole people crossed the river without touching water. Therefore neither the priests of Dagon nor all who enter Dagons house tread on the threshold of Dagon in Ashdod to this day. (1 Sam. There was a Gilgal just west of the Jordan River near Jericho (Joshua 5:9, 13) and one nearer Bethel (2 Kings 2:1-2). They are located on the lower slopes of a hill, have a footprint-shaped stone outline, and were used for occasional assembly rather than permanent dwelling. In David Noel Freedman, ed.. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. Ancient underground quarry, Jordan Valley, In the footsteps of ancient Israelite kings, Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilgal&oldid=1141985495, Pages with numeric Bible version references, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 22:31. In the biblical record, a name change, normally occurring during a period of crisis in a person's conversion, signifies a change in his heart. Photo by A.D. Riddle. Joshua: chapter 3. Israelites may have journeyed to Bethel, but Amos shows that no transformation occurred. The reading of the NIV and NAB here is preferableJoshua set up the twelve stones that had been in the middle of the Jordan. The Hebrew phrase is bethok (Heb.

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