speaking and listening: evaluating a speaker quizlet
Check the three boxes that apply. The opposite kind of feedback is given by students who gather their belongings and rush out the door as soon as class is over. Which style do you have the most difficulty with or like the least and why? "On the 3d of February last I officially laid before you the extraordinary announcement of the Imperial German Government that on and after the 1st day of February it was its purpose to put aside all restraints of law or of humanity and use its submarines to sink every vessel that sought to approach either the ports of Great Britain and Ireland or the western coasts of Europe or any of the ports controlled by the enemies of Germany within the Mediterranean.To appeal to the audience, this part of the speech mostly relies on. Although content-oriented listeners may not be very effective in situations with time constraints, time-oriented listeners are fixated on time limits and listen in limited segments regardless of the complexity of the information or the emotions involved, which can make them appear cold and distant to some. We can hold large amounts of unsorted visual information but only for about a tenth of a second. Or we may look for a particular nonverbal cue to let us know our conversational partner received our message (Hargie, 2011). America is in the middle of a crisis. We forget about half of what we hear immediately after hearing it, recall 35 percent after eight hours, and recall 20 percent after a day (Hargie, 2011). Critical listening is important during persuasive exchanges, but I recommend always employing some degree of critical listening, because you may find yourself in a persuasive interaction that you thought was informative. Interestingly, such fields are typically feminized, in that people often associate the characteristics of people-oriented listeners with roles filled by women. to focus on messages sent by other people or noises coming from our surroundings; to better our understanding of other peoples communication; to critically evaluate other peoples messages; to indicate that we are interested or paying attention; to empathize with others and show we care for them (relational maintenance); and. Present the student with an image or a set of images. Nonverbal cues, such as tone of voice, facial expression, and body language, are usually where the motivation and emotion behind the words is expressed. As president of the Student Council for two years now, I think that it is time we try to establish a better system for spending our funds. They would, however, not mind taking longer to reach a conclusion when dealing with a complex topic, and they would delay making a decision if the information presented to them didnt meet their standards of organization. For whatever. Indicate the total number of changes at the right. This act holds corporate officers more accountable for the accuracy of their corporation's financial statements. . Formative feedback is given while the speaker is engaged in the act of speech making. Employers who fail to listen and thoughtfully respond to their peoples concerns will see greater turnover. Which is the best way for Kayla to take clear and effective notes without missing what the speaker is saying? If you mistrust a speaker because of an accent, you could be rejecting important or personally enriching information. Clyde Hendrick and Susan S. Hendrick (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2000), 37. Before Cambria entered the arena to watch the speech, she decided to turn her cell phone off. In the moment, focus on your breathing and do a grounding exercise if you feel agitated. Inaugural address, Barack Obama. Tell the student to describe what's in the image. In order to reach dialogue, people must have a degree of open-mindedness and a commitment to civility that allows them to be empathetic while still allowing them to believe in and advocate for their own position. We can enhance our ability to receive, and in turn listen, by trying to minimize noise. Time-oriented listeners listen on a schedule, often giving people limits on their availability by saying, for example, I only have about five minutes.. Listening well is the kind of skill that benefits from not just teaching but coaching ongoing, specialized instruction from someone who knows your personal strengths, weaknesses, and most importantly, habits. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. I remember earning perfect scores on exams in my anatomy class in college because I was able to memorize and recall, for example, all the organs in the digestive system. (Make it clear that you are doing this for your own understanding.). As constant consumers of messages, we need to be able to assess the credibility of speakers and their messages and identify various persuasive appeals and faulty logic (known as fallacies), which you can learn more about in Chapter 11 Informative and Persuasive Speaking. When you paraphrase information, you rephrase the message into your own words. Imagine that Azam is talking to his friend Belle, who is sitting across from him in a restaurant booth. You can't give someone feedback on a speech unless you hear it. If you do have a lapse in attention, admit it, apologize, and ask the person to repeat what they said. For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. During the interpreting stage of listening, we combine the visual and auditory information we receive and try to make meaning out of that information using schemata. Time-oriented listeners are more concerned about time limits and timelines than they are with the content or senders of a message. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. If you have a natural poker face, or find it easier to pay attention to peoples words if you dont make eye contact, share that information with your conversation partner, and thank them for accommodating you. Although recall is an important part of the listening process, there isnt a direct correlation between being good at recalling information and being a good listener. Notice in Figure 4.3 Stages of Feedback that this stage is represented by the ear because it is the primary tool involved with this stage of the listening process. Another student might instead think that to start early is to start on the Friday before the Monday due date instead of Sunday night. statistics when trying to understand the health and trajectory of an economy? - Uses a full range of structures naturally and appropriately; - Produces consistently accurate structures apart from 'slips . Listening is vitally important, sadly undertaught, physically and mentally taxing, and in the aftermath of Covid-19 has never been more difficult. Below is a breakdown of these subskills along with recommendations for what to do if youre struggling with any one of them. Listening serves many purposes, and different situations require different types of listening. In any given communication encounter, it is likely that we will return to the receiving stage many times as we process incoming feedback and new messages. Kayla is taking notes as her classmate speaks about the school's dress code. Like the communication process, listening has cognitive, behavioral, and relational elements and doesnt unfold in a linear, step-by-step fashion. Listening also has implications for our personal lives and relationships. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Youll want to avoid noise, interruptions, and other external distractions, but its important to minimize your internal distractions as well. We then interpret auditory and visual stimuli in order to make meaning out of them based on our existing schemata. As a speaker, in order to adapt your message to a listening audience and to help facilitate the listening process, you can use the following strategies to create more listenable messages: Use shorter, actively worded sentences. From our earlier discussion of the communication model, you may be able to connect this part of the listening process to feedback. Working memory is a temporarily accessed memory storage space that is activated during times of high cognitive demand. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. Even in interpersonal encounters, we rely on recall to test whether or not someone was listening. Asking a trusted colleague to be your nonverbal communication translator may be helpful in situations where accurate listening is important, but confidentiality is not. Our memory consists of multiple storage units, including sensory storage, short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory (Hargie, 2011). If you know a conversation might be upsetting, calm yourself as much as possible before going in. What three organizations have a role in the independent audit of Home Depot's financial statements? Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. DeVito, J. jot down main points and supporting details. Improving our listening skills can benefit us in academic, professional, personal, and civic contexts. If its helpful, from time to time recap your understanding of both the subject and the other persons reason for bringing it up and ask them to validate or refine it. A chance to circle back and confirm everyones understanding? 172173. Would it be better to try to examine all 4.4 Stages of Listening. In many professional contexts, informational listening is important, especially when receiving instructions. Johan is planning to write an argumentative essay on the topic. You can see judges employ critical listening, with varying degrees of competence, on talent competition shows like Rupauls Drag Race, Americas Got Talent, and The Voice. While the word empathy means to feel into or feel with another person, sympathy means to feel for someone. Later, we will learn more specifics about how to encode and decode the verbal and nonverbal cues sent during the responding stage, but we all know from experience some signs that indicate whether a person is paying attention and understanding a message or not. In the first and second paragraphs of "War Message to Congress," how does Wilson establish pathos, an appeal based on emotions? However, students in your class might misunderstand the instructors meaning in several ways. But throw in external noise, more visual stimuli, and multiple contextual influences, and we cant remember the name of the person we were just introduced to one minute earlier. Explain the responding stage of listening. write down only the speaker's claim 2. to persuade people to unite behind him. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise health care's quality and lower its cost. We might be thinking, This makes sense or, conversely, This is very odd. Because everyone embodies biases and perspectives learned from widely diverse sets of life experiences, evaluations of the same message can vary widely from one listener to another. You may also be listening to multiple people at once, communicating on multiple platforms simultaneously, or listening while also taking in visual information, such as building plans or sales projections.Figure out what helps you listen best. where yyy is its height in feet and xxx is the horizontal distance from the building in feet. Note that listening requires concentration, therefore during speeches, one cannot be talking, reading, or attending to other things, while a speaker is speaking. Many quizzes and tests in school are based on recall and are often used to assess how well students comprehended information presented in class, which is seen as an indication of how well they listened. Milardo, R. M. and Heather Helms-Erikson, Network Overlap and Third-Party Influence in Close Relationships, in Close Relationships: A Sourcebook, eds. 1. Experiments have found that people can memorize and later recall a set of faces and names with near 100 percent recall when sitting in a quiet lab and asked to do so. Have compassion for yourself you cant scream at your own brain like a drill sergeant and whip that raw grey matter into shape. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Read the excerpt from President Woodrow Wilson's speech, "War Message to Congress. Now is the time for leaders to really listen, understand the context, resist the temptation to respond with generic answers, and recognize your own listening limitations and improve on them. Think about how its much easier to listen to a lecture on a subject that you find very interesting. Compare and contrast the four main listening styles. Foundations of Public Speaking. Notice in Figure 4.3 Stages of Feedback that this stage is represented by the lips because we often give feedback in the form of verbal feedback; however, you can just as easily respond nonverbally. When we understand something, we are able to attach meaning by connecting information to previous experiences. People often get action-oriented and time-oriented listeners confused. Distinguish between the interactional models of communication and the transactional model of communication. If you often find yourself distracted when trying to listen to someone, control your environment as much as possible. Even when we have understood the words in a message, because of the differences in our backgrounds and experience, we sometimes make the mistake of attaching our own meanings to the words of others. Speaking and listening : Evaluating a speaker, Speaking and Listening: Evaluating a Speaker, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. Which excerpt from paragraphs 1 to 3 of Wilson's "War Message to Congress" appeals most to the audience's emotions? The key is to do it twice a day for 10 to 20 minutes, focusing on a mental image or repeating a phrase and dismissing other thoughts as they come. Highly complex messages that are filled with detail call for highly developed listening skills. Understand the two types of feedback listeners give to speakers. Respondingsometimes referred to as feedbackis the fifth and final stage of the listening process. Action-oriented listeners focus on what action needs to take place in regards to a received message and try to formulate an organized way to initiate that action. Heres a cheat sheet with nine helpful tips: If you remember nothing else, remember this simple practice that does so much. Fellow students, I know I will be a wonderful class president because I truly care about all of you, and I want this school to be the best place that it can possibly be. This initial memory storage unit doesnt provide much use for our study of communication, as these large but quickly expiring chunks of sensory data are primarily used in reactionary and instinctual ways. Maybe youll stand up and applaud a speaker you agreed with or just sit staring in silence after listening to a speaker you didnt like. We begin to engage with the listening process long before we engage in any recognizable verbal or nonverbal communication. (2000). Critical listening is also important in a democracy that values free speech. People-oriented listeners are likely skilled empathetic listeners and may find success in supportive fields like counseling, social work, or nursing. Read the excerpt from President Woodrow Wilson's speech, "War Message to Congress.". "I have called the Congress into extraordinary session because there are serious, very serious, choices of policy to be made, and made immediately, which it was neither right nor constitutionally permissible that I should assume the responsibility of making.Which best explains why President Wilson chooses the word "extraordinary"? After all, we can move something to our long-term memory by repetition and then later recall it without ever having understood it. Andrew D. Wolvin and Carolyn Gwynn Coakley (Norwood, NJ: Alex Publishing Corporation, 1993), 1819. Gluck, M. A., Mercado, E., & Myers, C. E. (2008). He is trying to call attention to the issue. Overall, our memories are known to be fallible. For example, when we listen to empathize with others, our communication will likely be supportive and open, which will then lead the other person to feel heard and supported and hopefully view the interaction positively (Bodie & Villaume, 2003). You dont want to respond in a way that will cause the other person to disengage. Studying communication is a great way to build your critical thinking skills, because you learn much more about the taken-for-granted aspects of how communication works, which gives you tools to analyze and critique messages, senders, and contexts. These are simple psychological practices that work to pull people back to the present moment by directing attention to the immediate environment. These perceptual filters also play a role in listening. Nor and this is a subtler thing to avoid do you want to fall into the easy defense mechanism of simply tuning out what you dont want to hear, or rushing to discount or argue it away. Discuss the four main types of listening. Julia wants to be sure that she can listen effectively to the speaker at the town hall meeting. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. If we have difficulty interpreting information, meaning we dont have previous experience or information in our existing schemata to make sense of it, then it is difficult to transfer the information into our long-term memory for later recall. What does this mean you must do as a student of public speaking. Content-oriented listeners often enjoy high perceived credibility because of their thorough, balanced, and objective approach to engaging with information. Which strategy will help her succeed? Speaking and Listening: Evaluating a Speaker 10 terms Jaimethegiraffe Speaking and Listening: Evaluating a Speaker 7 terms matt90718 Recent flashcard sets Estevee- English III First Semester Exam voca 35 terms Sydforet 2022 30 terms kyj11047 Heart anatomy terms 9 terms KejiS ER verb conjugation 6 terms poppystewart3 Describe the stages of the listening process. Which is the best way for Kayla to take clear and effective notes without missing what the speaker is saying? The type of listening we engage in affects our communication and how others respond to us. 4.5 Listening Critically. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. We then evaluate the credibility, completeness, and worth of a message before responding with verbal and nonverbal signals. In response, Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in an effort to reduce the possibility of similar financial disasters. However, even when you are listening attentively, some messages are more difficult than others to understand and remember. Which style of listening best describes you and why? Although we dont often think about visual cues as a part of listening, they influence how we interpret messages. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. How effective do you think the speech is at achieving its purpose of persuading listeners? This type of assessment not only requires the student to speak English, but it also requires them to listen, comprehend, and respond to questions. As is noted in Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication, people often disguise inferences as facts. Americans must remain faithful to ideals. Cite the types of companies that use process costing systems. Use proofreading marks to correct any capitalization errors in the following sentence. Since retention and recall are important components of informational listening, good concentration and memory skills are key. First, lets start with what we call the picking-up skills, the skills that allow you to gather the information you need. Bruneau, T., Empathy and Listening, in Perspectives on Listening, eds. Wolvin and Coakley note that the most common reason for not remembering a message after the fact is because it wasnt really learned in the first place (Wolvin & Coakley, 1996). To increase the difficulty, ask the student to connect a series of images. Recall that salience is the degree to which something attracts our attention in a particular context and that we tend to find salient things that are visually or audibly stimulating and things that meet our needs or interests. 3. by using engaging, specific language And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. Back-channel cues are the verbal and nonverbal signals we send while someone is talking and can consist of verbal cues like uh-huh, oh, and right, and/or nonverbal cues like direct eye contact, head nods, and leaning forward. When you as a speaker truly care about your audience's needs and desires, you avoid setting up a manipulative climate. This is different from our typical memory function in that information usually has to make it to long-term memory before we can call it back up to apply to a current situation. Not all response occurs at the end of the message. These also happen to be skills that many college students struggle with, at least in the first years of college, but will be expected to have mastered once they get into professional contexts. What techniques do you use or could you use to improve your recall of certain information such as peoples names, key concepts from your classes, or instructions or directions given verbally? The consequences of ineffective listening in a classroom can be much worse. Some noise interferes primarily with hearing, which is the physical process of receiving stimuli through internal and external components of the ears and eyes, and some interferes with listening, which is the cognitive process of processing the stimuli taken in during hearing. In this example, our coauthor had difficulty receiving the message because of the external noise. The main types of listening we will discuss are discriminative, informational, critical, and empathetic (Watson, Barker, & Weaver III, 1995). What were the consequences of the misunderstanding? That it is necessary to make difficult choices to prepare the nation for a new era. 1. by repeating "we will" Emily, you might say, reminds me of the Emily I knew in middle school, or Mr. 1 (2003): 48. Think of how musicians, singers, and mechanics exercise specialized discriminative listening to isolate specific aural stimuli and how actors, detectives, and sculptors discriminate visual cues that allow them to analyze, make meaning from, or recreate nuanced behavior (Wolvin & Coakley, 1993). As you read earlier, there are many factors that can interfere with listening, so you need to be able to manage a number of mental tasks at the same time in order to be a successful listener. A friend and colleague of mine who exhibits some qualities of an action-oriented listener once told me about an encounter she had with a close friend who had a stillborn baby. a speech that establishes a position on a topic in a concise manner ethos an appeal based on the character, credibility, or reliability of the speaker logos an appeal based on logic or reason pathos an appeal based on emotion purpose what the speaker intends to achieve rhetoric the art of speaking or writing in an effective manner Before you begin, set an intention by taking a moment to deliberately focus on this person, in this moment, in a conversation that will be about this topic. logos, an appeal based on logic or reason. Environmental noise such as other people talking, the sounds of traffic, and music interfere with the physiological aspects of hearing. Eye contact, attentive posture, nodding and other nonverbal cues are important, but its hard to pay attention to someones words when youre busy reminding yourself to make regular eye contact. As we close in on a third year of unprecedented upheaval in work and life, employees and managers alike have more questions than ever concerns that they may find it difficult to articulate for a variety of reasons, from mental fog to the sheer novelty of the situation. Long-term memory is a mental storage capability to which stimuli in short-term memory can be transferred if they are connected to existing schema and in which information can be stored indefinitely (Hargie, 2011). 4.2 Listening Styles. These signals are important to the speaker, who is interested in whether the message is clear and accepted or whether the content of the message is meeting the resistance of preconceived ideas. Multiple studies have shown that direct repetition works, even though it may feel unnatural. As stimuli are organized and interpreted, they make their way to short-term memory where they either expire and are forgotten or are transferred to long-term memory. This article offers nine tips to help leaders become more active listeners, and a breakdown of the subskills involved in listening and how you can improve in them. For example, you are giving positive feedback to your instructor if at the end of class you stay behind to finish a sentence in your notes or approach the instructor to ask for clarification. ______, A ball thrown into the air from a building 100ft100 \mathrm{ft}100ft high travels along a path described by, y=x2110+x+100y=\frac{-x^2}{110}+x+100 Which is the best way for Kayla to take clear and effective notes without missing what the speaker is saying? Meditation has both immediate and short-term benefits for relaxation and emotional control, regardless of the particular practice. A processing break? B, C, and E have lead times of two weeks, and D and F have lead times of three weeks. But neither then nor now could I tell you the significance or function of most of those organs, meaning I didnt really get to a level of understanding but simply stored the information for later recall. One research study found that people prefer an action-oriented style of listening in instructional contexts (Imhof, 2004). Informational listening entails listening with the goal of comprehending and retaining information. Rephrasing what your interlocutor has said, however, can increase both emotional friction and the mental load on both parties. Cambria's decision will help her.