coa statement and sketch example

Offensive considerations in analyzing observation and fields of fire include , A-55. A-108. Capabilities A-85. A-112. to convey the operation in a doctrinal context. Will I attack toward the sunrise? Will the current weather favor the use of smoke to obscure during breaching? A-49. A-91. Leaders analysis must determine the types of vehicles, Soldiers, and equipment the enemy could use against his unit. The shaping operations purposes are nested to the decisive operation's purpose by setting the conditions for success of the decisive operation. The leader goes past observing to application. What is the composition of the enemy's reinforcing obstacles? Implied Tasks. Is it important to me? What is the enemy's most probable course of action? The leader must avoid unnecessary complicated mission command structures and maintain unit integrity where feasible. Whether it is set times for prayer, shopping or commuting, people follow patterns. Research the weather reports and gain the knowledge you need. Leaders analyze terrain using the categories of Select or Modify COA for Continued Analysis NOTE: A good COA positions the force for sequels and provides flexibility to meet unforeseen events during execution. Will wind speed and direction affect the employment of available mortars? A-98. It allows the platoon and squads to move with little hindrance. In analyzing fields of fire, he considers the friendly and enemy potential to cover avenues of approach and key terrain, in particular, with direct fires. It is beneficial for flight crews to know the area's weather trends. Starting with a baseline pattern and keeping a mission analysis on how the population is responding or have responded in the past under similar circumstances will assist leaders in using patterns to the unit's advantage. Determine the purposes to be achieved by the main and supporting. Extremes of temperature and humidity reduce personnel and equipment capabilities and may require the use of special shelter or equipment. . All work must be your own. Temperature crossovers, which occur when target and background temperatures are nearly equal, degrade thermal target acquisition systems. Factors to consider include political boundaries, locations of government centers, by-type enclaves, special regions such as mining or agricultural, trade routes, and possible settlement sites. Tactical considerations in analyzing key terrain. This additional information will assist the approval authority in making the final decision to accept the risk. The reason the staff used the selected control measures. Leaders also must determine if terrain is decisive. The COA sketch is a drawing or series of drawings to assist the leader in describing how the operation will unfold. COA analysis (war gaming) brings together friendly and enemy forces on the actual terrain to visualize how the operation will unfold. Analyzing the unit's current location in relation to future 4. The following requirements follow the Figure 9-5 sample from FM 6-0. The leader looks at specific enemy actions during a given operation and uses the appropriate situation template to gain insights into how the enemy may fight. Avenues of approach are classified the same as mobility corridors. How will precipitation (or lack of it) affect the mobility of the unit or of enemy forces? Wind always is described as "fromto" as in "winds are from the east moving to the west." Leaders assess risk to protect the force and aid in mission accomplishment. The analysis is a comparison of how a structures location, functions, and capabilities as compared to costs and consequences of such use. If he has no mutually supporting mobility corridors, then a single mobility corridor might become an avenue of approach. This includes those personnel outside the area of operation whose actions, opinions, or political influence can affect the mission. Can I observe and fire on his location with at least two-thirds of my combat power? A-64. A-68. Priority intelligence requirements are information a leader needs to know about terrain or enemy to make a critical decision. Leaders find their units' purposes in the concepts of the operation in the immediate higher headquarters OPORDs. Template events and analyze them for their political, economic, psychological, environmental, and legal implications. They maintain understanding of subordinates readiness, including maintenance, training, strengths and weaknesses, leaders, and logistic status. Some additional visibility considerations include: Read the following vignette to learn more about the visibility aspect of weather. Our visibility was rapidly deteriorating and, to make matters worse, we had only a single light source in the distance to determine our visibility. If I must support a breach, where is the expected breach site and where will the enemy be overwatching the obstacle? If a leader identifies terrain as decisive, this means he recognizes seizing or retaining it is necessary to accomplish the mission. Controlling this area could prove critical in establishing a support by fire position to protect a breach force. Cover and concealment can be either part of the environment or something brought in by the unit to create the desired effect : A-57. It can do this by masking the target or by reducing overhead clearance. _____ (60 points total) COURSE OF ACTION STATEMENT Leaders must identify and understand tasks required to accomplish a given mission. Match. He makes the final selection of a COA based on his own judgment, the start time of the operation, the area of operation, the scheme of maneuver, and subordinate unit tasks and purposes. In common usage, especially when applied to lower military units, a mission is a duty or task assigned to an individual or unit. Categories of terrain, severely restricted terrain which severely hinders or slows movement in combat formations unless some effort is made to enhance mobility. From this analysis, he might be able to determine patterns in the enemy's employment or troops and equipment. factors of the overall operations. Assess capabilities in terms of those required to save, sustain, or enhance life, in that order. To determine conditions and resources required for success. Yet, when we actually made it to our destination, we could not see the other end of the airfield. Terrain analysis should produce several specific conclusions : A-58. Specified tasks are specifically assigned to a unit by a higher headquarters and are found throughout the OPORD. Heavy snow cover can reduce the efficiency of many communication systems as well as degrade the effects of many munitions and air operations. For armored forces, restricted terrain typically means moderate to steep slopes or moderate to dense spacing of obstacles such as trees, rocks, or buildings. Every culture, every group of people, has patterns of behavior. However, the weather forecaster at our station did not agree with that assessment. Swamps and rugged ground are two examples of restricted terrain for Infantry forces. A-53. A prominent hilltop overlooking an avenue of approach might or might not be key terrain. The purpose of this step is to compare the combat power of friendly and enemy forces. The COA sketch should identify how the unit intends to focus the effects of overwhelming combat power at the decisive point. Sometime before sunset, I headed out to preflight the aircraft. Prepare a COA statement and sketch (Decisive point, form of maneuver, and statement of each task to be accomplished) Write your mission statement using the 5Ws. The leader develops his entire COA from the decisive point. 1 / 38. A-95. The battle captain instructed us to at least attempt to fly to our first stop. How will obstacles and terrain affect the movement or maneuver of the unit? What terrain is important to the enemy and why? Areas of operation. Selecting of movement techniques and formations, to include when to transition to tactical maneuver. The goal of this step, generating options, is to determine one or more of those ways quickly. In addition, consider how historical, cultural, and social factors shape public perceptions beliefs, goals, and expectations. Leaders prepare a graphic depiction of terrain to help explain their findings about the effects of terrain and weather on the mission. Defensive considerations the leader can include in his evaluation of avenues of approach: Key Terrain Windblown sand, dust, rain, or snow can reduce the effectiveness of radar and other communication systems. This 3-page document outlines an individual's education and training, their appointments and positions, and other . On this day, he made the decision to shut down and wait for the weather to pass. . A-107. The decisive operation's purpose is nested to his unit's overall purpose and is achieved at his decisive point. Reconnaissance, surveillance, and target-acquisition positions. Whenever possible and depending on the existing chain of command, they avoid fracturing unit integrity. Commanders should limit their CCIRs to essential information. A-114. A-117. Categories of terrain, restricted terrain hindering movement somewhat. Consequently, this information must be protected from identification by the enemy. This is known as "arraying forces" or "assigning troops to task." The three types of tasks are specified, implied, and essential. A-80. Tactical risk is associated with hazards existing due to the enemy's presence. Sustaining operation purposes relate directly to those of the decisive and shaping operations. A-77. From developing a strategy to analyzing, refining, and rehearsing the plan, a leader should be knowledgeable in the following areas detailed under this subheading to construct a solid COA. Do not discuss this assignment or your answers with anyone other than a Department of Distance Education (DDE) instructor or your academic advisor Defined Operational Environment The mission brief went as usual. It was a familiar mission; a flight of two UH-60Ls were to fly a five-and-a-half-hour ring route under night vision goggles. How can I use these features to force the enemy into its engagement area, deny him an avenue, or disrupt his movement? What are the enemy's likely counterattack routes? Another critical step was checking the weather for the evening. Then, they determine how those fit into their superiors concepts of the operation. He makes significant deductions about the terrain, enemy, and own forces affecting operations. A-60. If time permits, the leader might be able to conduct a pattern analysis of the enemy's actions to predict future actions. In such a situation, a leader must rely on information provided by battalion or higher echelon A-118. OAKOC I headed to the hangar to check on my assigned aircraft for the day and then to the tactical command post (TOC) to check the mission profile. The S-3 informed us where friendly forces were in our area, while the S-2 filled us in on where the action was in our battle space. The four categories the leader considers include. The leader also determines the capabilities of the next higher enemy element. In order to make the creation of COA diagrams eortless for the user, interaction must occur eortlessly and the interface should be invisible to the user. Analysis of troops and support answers the question: What assets are available to accomplish the mission? Higher headquarters provides the leader with civil considerations affecting the next echelons mission. One technique is to use the warfighting functions as a checklist to address every significant element the enemy brings to the fight. The product must reflect the results of reconnaissance and shared information. They influence and interact with the populace, force, and each other. ", A-33. A-93. Mission analysis has no time standard. A-70. These significant deductions drive the planning process and execution of operations. Cover and Concealment Projected sustainment expenditures, friendly casualties, and resulting medical requirements. The commander also issues planning guidance to the staff, such as time limitations or a change in commander's intent. The time it takes to complete this is well worth the effort to ensure the command is aware of the increased risk involved. Our aircrews carefully synchronized our return flight using proven aircrew coordination skills. He determines how the weather will affect the visibility, mobility, and survivability of his unit and that of the enemy. Commanders and staff officers who make link-diagrams of leadership including religious, political, and criminal personnel allow focused planning and decentralized execution which bolsters legitimacy within the population. This is not for analysis, but to show subordinates the details of the anticipated enemy COA. He does this analysis through war gaming or "fighting" the COA against at least one enemy COA. A-35. This is extremely important in understanding when and where to commit combat power, what relationships can be reinforced with certain groups versus what relationships need to start or cease, and ultimately what second and third order effects our actions will have in the area of operation. An avenue of approach is an air or ground route of an attacking force leading to an objective or key terrain. Feasible. During the war game, the leader visualizes a set of enemy and friendly actions and reactions. Existing obstacles, man-made include towns; canals; railroad embankments; buildings; power lines; telephone lines. What additional assets are required to accomplish the mission? The relative-force ratio is a correlation of friendly combat power and. It is not merely a calculation and comparison of friendly and enemy weapons numbers or units with the aim of gaining a numerical advantage. Engineer forces might be needed to improve mobility or platoon and squads might have to deviate from doctrinal tactics. From the modified combined obstacle overlay (MCOO) developed by higher headquarters, leaders already appreciate the general nature of the ground and effects of weather. Sustainment Mission Command Threat COA's - Sketch PLT Concept (i.e. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms fancy Study by Action statement, Classes of Action Sketch, COA statment and sketch additionally see. Poorly developed road systems may hamper logistical or rear area movement. They must clearly understand their immediate higher up intent from the OPORD. The unit's decisive operation always focuses at the decisive point, and always accomplishes the unit's purpose. Additionally, they apply these conclusions when they develop COA for both enemy forces and their units. Examples include mine fields (conventional and situational); antitank ditches; wire obstacles. An analysis of the ability to generate combat power will help the leader confirm or deny his tentative decisive point. We stopped our climb at a base altitude of 3,000 feet and returned to the airfield. If commanders reject all COAs, the . Even if it offers clear observation and fields of fire, it offers nothing if the enemy can easily bypass it, or if the selected course of action involves maneuver on a different avenue of approach. When possible, the observer conducts a ground reconnaissance from both enemy and friendly perspectives. The sustaining operations purposes are nested to the decisive and shaping operation's purposes by providing sustainment, operational area security, movement control, terrain management, and infrastructure. Develop a Concept of Operations Where will the enemy be unable to concentrate fires? In short, he strives to determine where, when, and how his unit's combat power (the effects of maneuver, firepower, protection, leadership, and information) can overwhelm the enemy's ability to generate combat power. It also gives subordinates the maximum latitude for initiative. Where do I position indirect fire observers? The COA statement should identify. These effects translate directly into conclusions applying to friendly or enemy COA. Civil considerations generally focus on the immediate impact of civilians on operations in progress. How do I get him to go there? What is the potential for chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear contamination? He applies the results to the friendly and enemy COA he develops. How can I use each avenue of approach to support my movement and maneuver? Information needed to complete paragraphs 3, 4, and 5 of the OPORD. The decisive point does not simply restate the unit's essential task or purpose; it defines how, where, or when the unit will accomplish its purpose. Higher headquarters (two levels up) mission, intent, and concept. How and when they do so depends on when they receive information as well as on their experience and preferences. War gaming helps the leader fully synchronize friendly actions, while considering the likely reactions of the enemy. Organizations of influence force the leader to look beyond preexisting civilian hierarchical arrangements. These can include areas needed after combat operations and contracted resources and services. Which terrain provides bounding elements with cover and concealment while increasing lethality? This process highlights critical tasks, stimulates ideas, and provides insights rarely gained through mission analysis and COA development alone. Cloud cover affects ground operations by limiting illumination and solar heating of targets. This judgment call is unique to the specific METT-TC conditions the leader faces. By defining organizations within the community, leaders can understand what groups have power and influence over their own smaller communities and what groups can assist our forces. Also, they identify the tasks, purposes, and dispositions for all adjacent maneuver elements under headquarters control. Using this technique, they would, but need not, analyze mission first; followed by terrain and weather; enemy; troops and support available; time available; and finally civil considerations. This situation template is portrayed one echelon lower than developed by the higher headquarters S-2. Both the COA statement and sketch focus at the decisive point. The refined product is a platoon situation template, a graphic showing how he believes the enemy will fight under specific operational conditions. To develop a COA, he focuses on the actions the unit must take at the decisive point and works backward to his start point. Money and resources drive prosperity and stability. How will this affect friendly and enemy target acquisition? He can obtain this information by translating percentages given from higher headquarters to the actual numbers in each enemy element or from information provided the COP. This product is similar to the MCOO in it shows the critical military aspects of terrain. Current activities, capabilities, and limitations are some of the information necessary to build situational understanding. A-100. In a time-constrained environment, a platoon leader typically develops only one COA. In the defense, weapon positions must be both lethal to the enemy and survivable to the Soldier. A-40. They must determine how the terrain and weather will affect the enemy and their units. CBRN operations usually favor the upwind force. A-124. The COA statement details how the unit's operation supports the next higher leader's operation, the decisive point and why it is decisive, the form of maneuver or type of defensive mission, and operational framework. The fifth mission variable of METT-TC is time available. Our pilot report, along with others, gave the forecaster more information to augment his observation. The sequence can vary. He considers light data and identifies critical conclusions about It enables him, A-123. At the hangar, the crews continued loading the utility vehicles with necessary supplies and equipment for the mission. (DRAW-D [defends, reinforce, attack, withdraw, or delay]). Definition. Coordinating instructions to enhance execution and unity of effort, and to ease confusion between subordinate elements. Routine, cyclical, planned, or spontaneous activities which significantly affect organizations, people, and military operations, including seasons, festivals, holidays, funerals, political rallies, and agricultural crop/livestock and market cycles and paydays. In the operational environment, this might be the most important analysis the leader conducts and is likely to yield the most useful information to the leader. Visual Aids Similarly, shaping operation purposes must relate directly to those of the decisive operation. Pajota's Guerillas' mission is to block off a mile of road through the use of road blocks on both sides of the highway bridge cross over Cabu Creek of an estimated 300 yards northeast from compound. A-103. Leaders use tactical mission task graphics and control measures (Refer to ADRP 1-02 for more information.) A-25. The two flight crews met at the TOC for the mission briefing. What lateral routes could we use to shift to other axes, and which could the enemy use to threaten our flanks? Once identified, risk must be reduced through controls. The reason units are arrayed as shown on the sketch. A-73. This understanding makes it possible to exercise disciplined initiative. Some situations have no decisive terrain. During all phases, leaders consider critical times, unusable time, the time it takes to accomplish activities, the time it takes to move, priorities of work, and tempo of operations. Battle, support by fire, and assault by fire positions. It also includes understanding the full array of assets in support of the unit. Implied tasks derive from a detailed analysis of higher up orders, from the enemy situation and COA, from the terrain, and from knowledge of doctrine and history. Where is the dead space in my area of operations? Leaders identify all constraints the OPORD places on their units' ability to execute their missions. When (this is the time given in the company OPORD). A-38. ), Table A-1. Leaders must continually improve their situational understanding Many times, the spiritual leader is not necessarily the decision maker for a community, but the spiritual leader must approve the decision maker's actions. The leader should clearly explain what the decisive point is to his subordinate leaders and why it is decisive; this objective, in conjunction with his commander's intent, facilitates subordinate initiative. The first example, which describes the process in detail, is a continuation of the exercise design . Recommended enemy situation template items. He analyzes if vegetation will affect the employment or trajectory of the Javelin, or 60-mm mortars. Area of interest. Why (the units purpose, taken from the companies concept of the operation). Key terrain is locations or areas whose seizure, retention, or control gives a marked advantage to either combatant. Lessons Learned He also identifies positions where artillery observers can call for indirect fire. He includes the requirements of indirect fire to support the maneuver. A-110. These tasks must be accomplished to achieve the subordinate units purpose. Also, unit leaders who study the history of civic culture can better understand and explain to others how and why the people have fought previous wars and conflicts. One technique is to parallel the TLP based on the products received from higher. Reconnaissance is critical in developing the best possible enemy scenario. The platoon leader begins mission analysis when receiving the mission. This is key terrain which seizure, retention, or control is necessary for mission accomplishment. He must not take these as facts. What are the strengths and weaknesses of subordinate leaders? Gaining complete understanding of the enemy's intentions can be difficult when his situation templates, composition, and disposition are unclear. 3. Leaders at every echelon must understand the mission, intent, and operational concept one and two levels higher. Prepare COA Statements and Sketches Conduct a Course of Action Briefing. A-32. A-96.People is a general term describing all nonmilitary personnel military forces encountered in the area of operation. Asset locations such as enemy command posts or ammunition caches. EENT, moonrise, moonset, and percentage of illumination. Unless given the benefit of information collection, his situation template is only an estimate of how the enemy might be disposed. At the lower levels, leaders conduct their mission analyses by evaluating METT-TC. 2. Composition Winds Although he usually does not prepare IPB products for his subordinates, he must be able to use the products of the higher headquarters IPB. The observer must observe both the impact and effects of indirect fires. Visibility A-63. The decisive point might be the event or action (with respect to terrain, enemy, or time, and generation of combat power) will ultimately and irreversibly lead to the unit achieving its purpose. To identify friendly coordination requirements. Leaders who analyze the ethnic dynamics of their area of operation can best apply combat power, shape maneuver with information related capabilities, and ultimately find the common denominator all ethnic varieties have in common and focus unit efforts at it. A-59. However, if it offers cover and concealment, observation, and good fields of fire on multiple avenues of approach, or on the only avenue of approach, then it offers a definite advantage to whoever controls it.

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